Neocortical slow oscillations concurrently support a global synaptic downscaling that precludes saturation of synaptic networks and improves the capacity to encode new information. The depolarizing up-states of the slow oscillations synchronously drive the generation of spindles and ripples accompanying hippocampal memory re-activations, thus providing a temporal frame for a fine-tuned hippocampus-to-neocortex transfer of memories. Neocortical (<1 Hz) slow oscillations, thalamo-cortical spindles and hippocampal sharp-wave ripples are implicated in memory consolidation during SWS. Such re-activations might promote the gradual redistribution of hippocampus-dependent memories from the hippocampus to neocortical sites for long-term storage (system consolidation) and might also trigger enduring synaptic changes to stabilize memories (synaptic consolidation). Spatio-temporal patterns of neuronal activity during encoding in the awake state become re-activated during subsequent sleep, specifically during slow-wave sleep (SWS) which is a state of minimum cholinergic activity. This can ease novel inferences and insights. An active process of re-organization enables the formation of new associations and the extraction of generalized features. Sleep improves preferentially the consolidation of memories that were encoded explicitly and are behaviourally relevant to the individual.Ĭonsolidation during sleep not only strengthens memory traces quantitatively but can also produce qualitative changes in memory representations. Sleep promotes the consolidation of declarative as well as procedural and emotional memories in a wide variety of tasks.
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